Hadhramaut, a name that evokes images of ancient incense trails and towering mud-brick skyscrapers, is a region steeped in history and cultural intrigue. Located in South Arabia, it encompasses parts of eastern Yemen, western Oman, and southern Saudi Arabia.

Hadhramaut boasts a rich past. The region was once a centre for the frankincense trade, a lucrative commodity in the ancient world. Frankincense trees thrived in the dry valleys of Hadhramaut. Their fragrant resin was prized for religious ceremonies, perfumes and even for medicinal purposes. This trade brought prosperity to the region and led to the rise of powerful kingdoms, leaving behind a legacy of archaeological wonders.

One of the most captivating aspects of Hadhramaut is its unique architecture. The Wadi Hadhramaut, a seasonal watercourse that snakes through the region, is dotted with historic towns. Shibam, also known as the “Manhattan of the Desert,” is famous for its high-rise mud-brick buildings that rise improbably from the valley floor. These structures, some dating back centuries, showcase the ingenuity of Hadhrami people in adapting to their environment.

Beyond its historical significance, Hadhramaut is also known for its vibrant culture. The Hadhrami people, with their distinct customs and traditions, have a long history of migration. Many Hadhrami communities can be found throughout Southeast Asia, a testament to their enterprising spirit. Their influence can be seen in the mosques, architecture, and even surnames found in countries like Singapore and Malaysia.

Today, Hadhramaut faces challenges, but its beauty and history continue to capture the imagination. With its awe-inspiring landscapes, architectural marvels, and rich cultural heritage, Hadhramaut offers a glimpse into a bygone era and a chance to experience the unique character of Yemen.

Asabiyya

Tribal affiliation has long been a cornerstone of Hadhrami society, shaping social structures, fostering a strong sense of community and playing a significant role in the Hadhrami diaspora. Hadhrami society is comprised of numerous tribes, each with its own distinct history, customs and traditions. These tribes further branch into sub-tribes, creating a complex web of kinship ties. Family and lineage are paramount, with individuals deriving a significant part of their identity from their tribe.

The tribal system fostered a strong sense of social cohesion. Tribes offered mutual support and protection to their members, especially during times of conflict. Disputes were often settled within the tribe through a system of mediation and arbitration by respected elders. This emphasis on internal conflict resolution helped maintain stability within Hadhrami society.

Formal legal systems can be slow and expensive. Asabiyya provided an alternative mechanism for resolving disputes within the tribe. Tribal leaders mediated conflicts based on customary laws and traditions, fostering a sense of internal justice and reducing reliance on external institutions.

The concept of asabiyya, which translates roughly to tribal solidarity or group loyalty, continued to play a crucial role in the Hadhrami diaspora. As Hadhrami communities ventured out and established themselves in foreign lands, they maintained strong ties to their tribes. These tribal affiliations provided a sense of belonging and support in unfamiliar environments.

Asabiyya wasn’t limited to Yemen’s geographical boundaries. It provided a framework for Hadhrami communities to establish strong social networks across Southeast Asia. These networks facilitated trade, offered support to migrants and ensured the preservation of cultural identity in new environments. Asabiyya’s adaptability to new contexts contributed to its persistence.

While tribal structures remain important in Hadhrami society, their influence has waned in recent times. Modernisation, urbanisation and the influence of a national government have led to a shift towards a more centralised social order. Nevertheless, tribal identity continues to be a source of pride and a way for Hadhrami people to connect with their heritage, even for those scattered across the globe.